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.Dd November 23, 2011
.Dt AUDIO 9
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm audio
.Nd interface between low and high level audio drivers
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The audio device driver is divided into a high level,
hardware independent layer, and a low level hardware
dependent layer.
The interface between these is the
.Va audio_hw_if
structure.
.Bd -literal
struct audio_hw_if {
	int	(*open)(void *, int);
	void	(*close)(void *);
	int	(*drain)(void *);

	int	(*query_encoding)(void *, struct audio_encoding *);
	int	(*set_params)(void *, int, int,
		    audio_params_t *, audio_params_t *,
		    stream_filter_list_t *, stream_filter_list_t *);
	int	(*round_blocksize)(void *, int, int, const audio_params_t *);

	int	(*commit_settings)(void *);

	int	(*init_output)(void *, void *, int);
	int	(*init_input)(void *, void *, int);
	int	(*start_output)(void *, void *, int, void (*)(void *),
	            void *);
	int	(*start_input)(void *, void *, int, void (*)(void *),
		    void *);
	int	(*halt_output)(void *);
	int	(*halt_input)(void *);

	int	(*speaker_ctl)(void *, int);
#define SPKR_ON  1
#define SPKR_OFF 0

	int	(*getdev)(void *, struct audio_device *);
	int	(*setfd)(void *, int);

	int	(*set_port)(void *, mixer_ctrl_t *);
	int	(*get_port)(void *, mixer_ctrl_t *);

	int	(*query_devinfo)(void *, mixer_devinfo_t *);

	void	*(*allocm)(void *, int, size_t, struct malloc_type *, int);
	void	(*freem)(void *, void *, struct malloc_type *);
	size_t	(*round_buffersize)(void *, int, size_t);
	paddr_t	(*mappage)(void *, void *, off_t, int);

	int 	(*get_props)(void *);

	int	(*trigger_output)(void *, void *, void *, int,
		    void (*)(void *), void *, const audio_params_t *);
	int	(*trigger_input)(void *, void *, void *, int,
		    void (*)(void *), void *, const audio_params_t *);
	int	(*dev_ioctl)(void *, u_long, void *, int, struct lwp *);
	void	(*get_locks)(void *, kmutex_t **, kmutex_t **);
};

typedef struct audio_params {
	u_int	sample_rate;	/* sample rate */
	u_int	encoding;	/* e.g. mu-law, linear, etc */
	u_int	precision;	/* bits/subframe */
	u_int	validbits;	/* valid bits in a subframe */
	u_int	channels;	/* mono(1), stereo(2) */
} audio_params_t;
.Ed
.Pp
The high level audio driver attaches to the low level driver
when the latter calls
.Va audio_attach_mi .
This call should be
.Bd -literal
    void
    audio_attach_mi(ahwp, hdl, dev)
	struct audio_hw_if *ahwp;
	void *hdl;
	struct device *dev;
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Va audio_hw_if
struct is as shown above.
The
.Va hdl
argument is a handle to some low level data structure.
It is sent as the first argument to all the functions
in
.Va audio_hw_if
when the high level driver calls them.
.Va dev
is the device struct for the hardware device.
.Pp
The upper layer of the audio driver allocates one buffer for playing
and one for recording.
It handles the buffering of data from the user processes in these.
The data is presented to the lower level in smaller chunks, called blocks.
If, during playback, there is no data available from the user process when
the hardware request another block a block of silence will be used instead.
Furthermore, if the user process does not read data quickly enough during
recording data will be thrown away.
.Pp
The fields of
.Va audio_hw_if
are described in some more detail below.
Some fields are optional and can be set to 0 if not needed.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Dv int open(void *hdl, int flags)
optional, is called when the audio device is opened.
It should initialize the hardware for I/O.
Every successful call to
.Va open
is matched by a call to
.Va close .
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv void close(void *hdl)
optional, is called when the audio device is closed.
.It Dv int drain(void *hdl)
optional, is called before the device is closed or when
.Dv AUDIO_DRAIN
is called.
It should make sure that no samples remain in to be played that could
be lost when
.Va close
is called.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int query_encoding(void *hdl, struct audio_encoding *ae)
is used when
.Dv AUDIO_GETENC
is called.
It should fill the
.Va audio_encoding
structure and return 0 or, if there is no encoding with the
given number, return EINVAL.
.It Dv int set_params(void *hdl, int setmode, int usemode,
.Dv "audio_params_t *play, audio_params_t *rec,"
.Pp
.Dv "stream_filter_list_t *pfil, stream_filter_list_t *rfil)"
.Pp
Called to set the audio encoding mode.
.Va setmode
is a combination of the
.Dv AUMODE_RECORD
and
.Dv AUMODE_PLAY
flags to indicate which mode(s) are to be set.
.Va usemode
is also a combination of these flags, but indicates the current
mode of the device (i.e., the value of
.Va mode
in the
.Va audio_info
struct).
.Pp
The
.Va play
and
.Va rec
structures contain the encoding parameters that should be set.
The values of the structures may also be modified if the hardware
cannot be set to exactly the requested mode (e.g., if the requested
sampling rate is not supported, but one close enough is).
.Pp
If the hardware requires software assistance with some encoding
(e.g., it might be lacking mu-law support) it should fill the
.Va pfil
for playing or
.Va rfil
for recording with conversion information.
For example, if
.Va play
requests [8000Hz, mu-law, 8/8bit, 1ch] and the hardware does not
support 8bit mu-law, but 16bit slinear_le, the driver should call
.Dv pfil-\*[Gt]append()
with
.Va pfil ,
.Va mulaw_to_slinear16 ,
and audio_params_t representing [8000Hz, slinear_le, 16/16bit, 2ch].
If the driver needs multiple conversions, a conversion nearest to the
hardware should be set to the head of
.Va pfil
or
.Va rfil .
The definition of
.Dv stream_filter_list_t
follows:
.Bd -literal
typedef struct stream_filter_list {
	void (*append)(struct stream_filter_list *,
		       stream_filter_factory_t,
		       const audio_params_t *);
	void (*prepend)(struct stream_filter_list *,
			stream_filter_factory_t,
			const audio_params_t *);
	void (*set)(struct stream_filter_list *, int,
		    stream_filter_factory_t,
		    const audio_params_t *);
	int req_size;
	struct stream_filter_req {
		stream_filter_factory_t *factory;
		audio_params_t param; /* from-param for recording,
					 to-param for playing */
	} filters[AUDIO_MAX_FILTERS];
} stream_filter_list_t;
.Ed
.Pp
For playing,
.Va pfil
constructs conversions as follows:
.Bd -literal
	(play) == write(2) input
	  |	pfil-\*[Gt]filters[pfil-\*[Gt]req_size-1].factory
	(pfil-\*[Gt]filters[pfil-\*[Gt]req_size-1].param)
	  |	pfil-\*[Gt]filters[pfil-\*[Gt]req_size-2].factory
	  :
	  |	pfil-\*[Gt]filters[1].factory
	(pfil-\*[Gt]filters[1].param)
	  |	pfil-\*[Gt]filters[0].factory
	(pfil-\*[Gt]filters[0].param)  == hardware input
.Ed
.Pp
For recording,
.Va rfil
constructs conversions as follows:
.Bd -literal
	(rfil-\*[Gt]filters[0].param) == hardware output
	  |	rfil-\*[Gt]filters[0].factory
	(rfil-\*[Gt]filters[1].param)
	  |	rfil-\*[Gt]filters[1].factory
	  :
	  |	rfil-\*[Gt]filters[rfil-\*[Gt]req_size-2].factory
	(rfil-\*[Gt]filters[rfil-\*[Gt]req_size-1].param)
	  |	rfil-\*[Gt]filters[rfil-\*[Gt]req_size-1].factory
	(rec)  == read(2) output
.Ed
.Pp
If the device does not have the
.Dv AUDIO_PROP_INDEPENDENT
property the same value is passed in both
.Va play
and
.Va rec
and the encoding parameters from
.Va play
is copied into
.Va rec
after the call to
.Va set_params .
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int round_blocksize(void *hdl, int bs, int mode,
.Dv "const audio_params_t *param)"
.Pp
optional, is called with the block size,
.Va bs ,
that has been computed by the upper layer,
.Va mode ,
.Dv AUMODE_PLAY
or
.Dv AUMODE_RECORD ,
and
.Va param ,
encoding parameters for the hardware.
It should return a block size, possibly changed according to the needs
of the hardware driver.
.It Dv int commit_settings(void *hdl)
optional, is called after all calls to
.Va set_params ,
and
.Va set_port ,
are done.
A hardware driver that needs to get the hardware in and out of command
mode for each change can save all the changes during previous calls and
do them all here.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int init_output(void *hdl, void *buffer, int size)
optional, is called before any output starts, but when the total
.Va size
of the output
.Va buffer
has been determined.
It can be used to initialize looping DMA for hardware that needs that.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int init_input(void *hdl, void *buffer, int size)
optional, is called before any input starts, but when the total
.Va size
of the input
.Va buffer
has been determined.
It can be used to initialize looping DMA for hardware that needs that.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int start_output(void *hdl, void *block, int blksize,
.Dv "void (*intr)(void*), void *intrarg)"
.Pp
is called to start the transfer of
.Va blksize
bytes from
.Va block
to the audio hardware.
The call should return when the data transfer has been initiated
(normally with DMA).
When the hardware is ready to accept more samples the function
.Va intr
should be called with the argument
.Va intrarg .
Calling
.Va intr
will normally initiate another call to
.Va start_output .
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int start_input(void *hdl, void *block, int blksize,
.Dv "void (*intr)(void*), void *intrarg)"
.Pp
is called to start the transfer of
.Va blksize
bytes to
.Va block
from the audio hardware.
The call should return when the data transfer has been initiated
(normally with DMA).
When the hardware is ready to deliver more samples the function
.Va intr
should be called with the argument
.Va intrarg .
Calling
.Va intr
will normally initiate another call to
.Va start_input .
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int halt_output(void *hdl)
is called to abort the output transfer (started by
.Va start_output )
in progress.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int halt_input(void *hdl)
is called to abort the input transfer (started by
.Va start_input )
in progress.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int speaker_ctl(void *hdl, int on)
optional, is called when a half duplex device changes between
playing and recording.
It can, e.g., be used to turn on
and off the speaker.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int getdev(void *hdl, struct audio_device *ret)
Should fill the
.Va audio_device
struct with relevant information about the driver.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int setfd(void *hdl, int fd)
optional, is called when
.Dv AUDIO_SETFD
is used, but only if the device has AUDIO_PROP_FULLDUPLEX set.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int set_port(void *hdl, mixer_ctrl_t *mc)
is called in when
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_WRITE
is used.
It should take data from the
.Va mixer_ctrl_t
struct at set the corresponding mixer values.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int get_port(void *hdl, mixer_ctrl_t *mc)
is called in when
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_READ
is used.
It should fill the
.Va mixer_ctrl_t
struct.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int query_devinfo(void *hdl, mixer_devinfo_t *di)
is called in when
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_DEVINFO
is used.
It should fill the
.Va mixer_devinfo_t
struct.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv "void *allocm(void *hdl, int direction, size_t size, struct malloc_type *type, int flags)"
.Pp
optional, is called to allocate the device buffers.
If not present
.Xr malloc 9
is used instead (with the same arguments but the first two).
The reason for using a device dependent routine instead of
.Xr malloc 9
is that some buses need special allocation to do DMA.
Returns the address of the buffer, or 0 on failure.
.It Dv void freem(void *hdl, void *addr, struct malloc_type *type)
optional, is called to free memory allocated by
.Va alloc .
If not supplied
.Xr free 9
is used.
.It Dv size_t round_buffersize(void *hdl, int direction, size_t bufsize)
optional, is called at startup to determine the audio
buffer size.
The upper layer supplies the suggested size in
.Va bufsize ,
which the hardware driver can then change if needed.
E.g., DMA on the ISA bus cannot exceed 65536 bytes.
.It Dv "paddr_t mappage(void *hdl, void *addr, off_t offs, int prot)"
.Pp
optional, is called for
.Xr mmap 2 .
Should return the map value for the page at offset
.Va offs
from address
.Va addr
mapped with protection
.Va prot .
Returns -1 on failure, or a machine dependent opaque value
on success.
.It Dv int get_props(void *hdl)
Should return the device properties; i.e., a combination of
AUDIO_PROP_xxx.
.It Dv int trigger_output(void *hdl, void *start, void *end,
.Dv "int blksize, void (*intr)(void*), void *intrarg,"
.Pp
.Dv "const audio_params_t *param)"
.Pp
optional, is called to start the transfer of data from the circular buffer
delimited by
.Va start
and
.Va end
to the audio hardware, parameterized as in
.Va param .
The call should return when the data transfer has been initiated
(normally with DMA).
When the hardware is finished transferring each
.Va blksize
sized block, the function
.Va intr
should be called with the argument
.Va intrarg
(typically from the audio hardware interrupt service routine).
Once started the transfer may be stopped using
.Va halt_output .
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int trigger_input(void *hdl, void *start, void *end,
.Dv "int blksize, void (*intr)(void*), void *intrarg,"
.Pp
.Dv "const audio_params_t *param)"
.Pp
optional, is called to start the transfer of data from the audio hardware,
parameterized as in
.Va param ,
to the circular buffer delimited by
.Va start
and
.Va end .
The call should return when the data transfer has been initiated
(normally with DMA).
When the hardware is finished transferring each
.Va blksize
sized block, the function
.Va intr
should be called with the argument
.Va intrarg
(typically from the audio hardware interrupt service routine).
Once started the transfer may be stopped using
.Va halt_input .
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv int dev_ioctl(void *hdl, u_long cmd, void *addr,
.Pp
.Dv "int flag, struct lwp *l)"
.Pp
optional, is called when an
.Xr ioctl 2
is not recognized by the generic audio driver.
Return 0 on success, otherwise an error code.
.It Dv void get_locks(void *hdl, kmutex_t **intr, kmutex_t **thread)
Returns the interrupt and thread locks to the common audio layer.
.El
.Pp
The
.Va query_devinfo
method should define certain mixer controls for
.Dv AUDIO_SETINFO
to be able to change the port and gain,
and
.Dv AUDIO_GETINFO
to read them, as follows.
.Pp
If the record mixer is capable of input from more than one source,
it should define
.Dv AudioNsource
in class
.Dv AudioCrecord .
This mixer control should be of type
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_ENUM
or
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_SET
and enumerate the possible input sources.
Each of the named sources for which the recording level can be set
should have a control in the
.Dv AudioCrecord
class of type
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_VALUE ,
except the
.Qq mixerout
source is special,
and will never have its own control.
Its selection signifies,
rather,
that various sources in class
.Dv AudioCrecord
will be combined and presented to the single recording output
in the same fashion that the sources of class
.Dv AudioCinputs
are combined and presented to the playback output(s).
If the overall recording level can be changed,
regardless of the input source,
then this control should be named
.Dv AudioNmaster
and be of class
.Dv AudioCrecord .
.Pp
Controls for various sources that affect only the playback output,
as opposed to recording,
should be in the
.Dv AudioCinputs
class,
as of course should any controls that affect both playback and recording.
.Pp
If the play
mixer is capable of output to more than one destination,
it should define
.Dv AudioNselect
in class
.Dv AudioCoutputs .
This mixer control should be of type
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_ENUM
or
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_SET
and enumerate the possible destinations.
For each of the named destinations for which the output level can be set,
there should be
a control in the
.Dv AudioCoutputs
class of type
.Dv AUDIO_MIXER_VALUE .
If the overall output level can be changed,
which is invariably the case,
then this control should be named
.Dv AudioNmaster
and be of class
.Dv AudioCoutputs .
.Pp
There's one additional source recognized specially by
.Dv AUDIO_SETINFO
and
.Dv AUDIO_GETINFO ,
to be presented as monitor_gain,
and that is a control named
.Dv AudioNmonitor ,
of class
.Dv AudioCmonitor .
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr audio 4
.Sh HISTORY
This
.Nm
interface first appeared in
.Nx 1.3 .