Annotation of src/lib/libc/gen/fts.3, Revision 1.10
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1.10 ! mycroft 32: .\" from: @(#)fts.3 8.5 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
! 33: .\" $Id: fts.3,v 1.9 1994/04/12 03:21:35 cgd Exp $
1.1 cgd 34: .\"
1.10 ! mycroft 35: .Dd April 16, 1994
1.1 cgd 36: .Dt FTS 3
37: .Os
38: .Sh NAME
39: .Nm fts
40: .Nd traverse a file hierarchy
41: .Sh SYNOPSIS
42: .Fd #include <sys/types.h>
43: .Fd #include <sys/stat.h>
44: .Fd #include <fts.h>
45: .Ft FTS *
1.2 mycroft 46: .Fn fts_open "char * const *path_argv" "int options" "int *compar(const FTSENT **, const FTSENT **)"
1.1 cgd 47: .Ft FTSENT *
48: .Fn fts_read "FTS *ftsp"
49: .Ft FTSENT *
1.2 mycroft 50: .Fn fts_children "FTS *ftsp" "int options"
1.1 cgd 51: .Ft int
52: .Fn fts_set "FTS ftsp" "FTSENT *f" "int options"
53: .Ft int
54: .Fn fts_close "FTS *ftsp"
55: .Sh DESCRIPTION
56: The
57: .Nm fts
58: functions are provided for traversing
59: .Tn UNIX
60: file hierarchies.
1.2 mycroft 61: A simple overview is that the
1.1 cgd 62: .Fn fts_open
1.2 mycroft 63: function returns a ``handle'' on a file hierarchy, which is then supplied to
1.1 cgd 64: the other
65: .Nm fts
1.2 mycroft 66: functions.
1.1 cgd 67: The function
68: .Fn fts_read
69: returns a pointer to a structure describing one of the files in the file
70: hierarchy.
71: The function
72: .Fn fts_children
73: returns a pointer to a linked list of structures, each of which describes
74: one of the files contained in a directory in the hierarchy.
75: In general, directories are visited two distinguishable times; in pre-order
76: (before any of their descendants are visited) and in post-order (after all
77: of their descendants have been visited).
78: Files are visited once.
79: It is possible to walk the hierarchy ``logically'' (ignoring symbolic links)
80: or physically (visiting symbolic links), order the walk of the hierarchy or
81: prune and/or re-visit portions of the hierarchy.
82: .Pp
83: Two structures are defined (and typedef'd) in the include file
84: .Aq Pa fts.h .
85: The first is
86: .Fa FTS ,
1.2 mycroft 87: the structure that represents the file hierarchy itself.
1.1 cgd 88: The second is
89: .Fa FTSENT ,
90: the structure that represents a file in the file
91: hierarchy.
92: Normally, an
93: .Fa FTSENT
94: structure is returned for every file in the file
95: hierarchy.
96: In this manual page, ``file'' and
97: .Dq Fa FTSENT No structure
98: are generally
99: interchangeable.
100: The
101: .Fa FTSENT
102: structure contains at least the following fields, which are
103: described in greater detail below:
104: .Bd -literal
105: typedef struct _ftsent {
106: u_short fts_info; /* flags for FTSENT structure */
107: char *fts_accpath; /* access path */
108: char *fts_path; /* root path */
109: short fts_pathlen; /* strlen(fts_path) */
110: char *fts_name; /* file name */
111: short fts_namelen; /* strlen(fts_name) */
112: short fts_level; /* depth (\-1 to N) */
1.9 cgd 113: int fts_errno; /* file errno */
1.1 cgd 114: long fts_number; /* local numeric value */
115: void *fts_pointer; /* local address value */
116: struct ftsent *fts_parent; /* parent directory */
1.2 mycroft 117: struct ftsent *fts_link; /* next file structure */
118: struct ftsent *fts_cycle; /* cycle structure */
119: struct stat *fts_statp; /* stat(2) information */
1.1 cgd 120: } FTSENT;
121: .Ed
122: .Pp
123: These fields are defined as follows:
124: .Bl -tag -width "fts_namelen"
125: .It Fa fts_info
126: One of the following flags describing the returned
127: .Fa FTSENT
128: structure and
129: the file it represents.
130: With the exception of directories without errors
131: .Pq Dv FTS_D ,
132: all of these
133: entries are terminal, that is, they will not be revisited, nor will any
134: of their descendants be visited.
135: .Bl -tag -width FTS_DEFAULT
136: .It Dv FTS_D
137: A directory being visited in pre-order.
138: .It Dv FTS_DC
139: A directory that causes a cycle in the tree.
140: (The
1.2 mycroft 141: .Fa fts_cycle
1.1 cgd 142: field of the
143: .Fa FTSENT
144: structure will be filled in as well.)
145: .It Dv FTS_DEFAULT
146: Any
147: .Fa FTSENT
148: structure that represents a file type not explicitly described
149: by one of the other
150: .Fa fts_info
151: values.
152: .It Dv FTS_DNR
153: A directory which cannot be read.
1.2 mycroft 154: This is an error return, and the
155: .Fa fts_errno
156: field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
1.1 cgd 157: .It Dv FTS_DOT
158: A file named
159: .Ql \&.
160: or
161: .Ql ..
162: which was not specified as a file name to
163: .Fn fts_open
164: (see
165: .Dv FTS_SEEDOT ) .
166: .It Dv FTS_DP
167: A directory being visited in post-order.
168: The contents of the
169: .Fa FTSENT
170: structure will be unchanged from when
171: it was returned in pre-order, i.e. with the
172: .Fa fts_info
173: field set to
174: .Dv FTS_D .
175: .It Dv FTS_ERR
1.2 mycroft 176: This is an error return, and the
177: .Fa fts_errno
178: field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
1.1 cgd 179: .It Dv FTS_F
180: A regular file.
181: .It Dv FTS_NS
182: A file for which no
183: .Xr stat 2
184: information was available.
185: The contents of the
1.2 mycroft 186: .Fa fts_statp
1.1 cgd 187: field are undefined.
1.2 mycroft 188: This is an error return, and the
189: .Fa fts_errno
190: field will be set to indicate what caused the error.
1.1 cgd 191: .It Dv FTS_NSOK
192: A file for which no
193: .Xr stat 2
194: information was requested.
195: The contents of the
1.2 mycroft 196: .Fa fts_statp
1.1 cgd 197: field are undefined.
198: .It Dv FTS_SL
199: A symbolic link.
200: .It Dv FTS_SLNONE
201: A symbolic link with a non-existent target.
202: The contents of the
1.2 mycroft 203: .Fa fts_statp
204: field reference the file characteristic information for the symbolic link
1.1 cgd 205: itself.
206: .El
207: .It Fa fts_accpath
208: A path for accessing the file from the current directory.
209: .It Fa fts_path
210: The path for the file relative to the root of the traversal.
211: This path contains the path specified to
212: .Fn fts_open
213: as a prefix.
214: .It Fa fts_pathlen
215: The length of the string referenced by
216: .Fa fts_path .
217: .It Fa fts_name
218: The name of the file.
219: .It Fa fts_namelen
220: The length of the string referenced by
221: .Fa fts_name .
222: .It Fa fts_level
223: The depth of the traversal, numbered from \-1 to N, where this file
224: was found.
225: The
226: .Fa FTSENT
227: structure representing the parent of the starting point (or root)
228: of the traversal is numbered \-1, and the
229: .Fa FTSENT
230: structure for the root
231: itself is numbered 0.
1.2 mycroft 232: .It Fa fts_errno
233: Upon return of a
234: .Fa FTSENT
235: structure from the
236: .Fn fts_children
237: or
238: .Fn fts_read
239: functions, with its
240: .Fa fts_info
241: field set to
242: .Dv FTS_DNR ,
243: .Dv FTS_ERR
244: or
245: .Dv FTS_NS ,
246: the
247: .Fa fts_errno
248: field contains the value of the external variable
249: .Va errno
250: specifying the cause of the error.
251: Otherwise, the contents of the
252: .Fa fts_errno
253: field are undefined.
1.1 cgd 254: .It Fa fts_number
255: This field is provided for the use of the application program and is
256: not modified by the
257: .Nm fts
258: functions.
259: It is initialized to 0.
260: .It Fa fts_pointer
261: This field is provided for the use of the application program and is
262: not modified by the
263: .Nm fts
264: functions.
265: It is initialized to
266: .Dv NULL .
267: .It Fa fts_parent
268: A pointer to the
269: .Fa FTSENT
270: structure referencing the file in the hierarchy
271: immediately above the current file, i.e. the directory of which this
272: file is a member.
273: A parent structure for the initial entry point is provided as well,
274: however, only the
275: .Fa fts_level ,
276: .Fa fts_number
277: and
278: .Fa fts_pointer
279: fields are guaranteed to be initialized.
280: .It Fa fts_link
1.2 mycroft 281: Upon return from the
282: .Fn fts_children
283: function, the
284: .Fa fts_link
285: field points to the next structure in the NULL-terminated linked list of
286: directory members.
287: Otherwise, the contents of the
1.1 cgd 288: .Fa fts_link
1.2 mycroft 289: field are undefined.
290: .It Fa fts_cycle
1.1 cgd 291: If a directory causes a cycle in the hierarchy (see
292: .Dv FTS_DC ) ,
293: either because
294: of a hard link between two directories, or a symbolic link pointing to a
295: directory, the
1.2 mycroft 296: .Fa fts_cycle
1.1 cgd 297: field of the structure will point to the
298: .Fa FTSENT
1.2 mycroft 299: structure in the hierarchy that references the same file as the current
1.1 cgd 300: .Fa FTSENT
301: structure.
302: Otherwise, the contents of the
1.2 mycroft 303: .Fa fts_cycle
1.1 cgd 304: field are undefined.
1.2 mycroft 305: .It Fa fts_statp
306: A pointer to
307: .Xr stat 2
1.1 cgd 308: information for the file.
309: .El
1.2 mycroft 310: .Pp
311: A single buffer is used for all of the paths of all of the files in the
312: file hierarchy.
313: Therefore, the
314: .Fa fts_path
315: and
316: .Fa fts_accpath
317: fields are guaranteed to be
318: .Dv NULL Ns -terminated
319: .Em only
320: for the file most recently returned by
321: .Fn fts_read .
322: To use these fields to reference any files represented by other
323: .Fa FTSENT
324: structures will require that the path buffer be modified using the
325: information contained in that
326: .Fa FTSENT
327: structure's
328: .Fa fts_pathlen
329: field.
330: Any such modifications should be undone before further calls to
331: .Fn fts_read
332: are attempted.
333: The
334: .Fa fts_name
335: field is always
336: .Dv NULL Ns -terminated.
1.1 cgd 337: .Sh FTS_OPEN
338: The
339: .Fn fts_open
340: function takes a pointer to an array of character pointers naming one
341: or more paths which make up a logical file hierarchy to be traversed.
342: The array must be terminated by a
343: .Dv NULL
344: pointer.
345: .Pp
346: There are
347: a number of options, at least one of which (either
348: .Dv FTS_LOGICAL
349: or
350: .Dv FTS_PHYSICAL )
351: must be specified.
352: The options are selected by
353: .Em or Ns 'ing
354: the following values:
355: .Bl -tag -width "FTS_PHYSICAL"
1.2 mycroft 356: .It Dv FTS_COMFOLLOW
357: This option causes any symbolic link specified as a root path to be
358: followed immediately whether or not
359: .Dv FTS_LOGICAL
360: is also specified.
1.1 cgd 361: .It Dv FTS_LOGICAL
362: This option causes the
363: .Nm fts
364: routines to return
365: .Fa FTSENT
366: structures for the targets of symbolic links
367: instead of the symbolic links themselves.
368: If this option is set, the only symbolic links for which
369: .Fa FTSENT
370: structures
371: are returned to the application are those referencing non-existent files.
372: Either
373: .Dv FTS_LOGICAL
374: or
375: .Dv FTS_PHYSICAL
376: .Em must
377: be provided to the
378: .Fn fts_open
379: function.
380: .It Dv FTS_NOCHDIR
381: As a performance optimization, the
382: .Nm fts
383: functions change directories as they walk the file hierarchy.
384: This has the side-effect that an application cannot rely on being
385: in any particular directory during the traversal.
386: The
387: .Dv FTS_NOCHDIR
388: option turns off this optimization, and the
389: .Nm fts
390: functions will not change the current directory.
391: Note that applications should not themselves change their current directory
392: and try to access files unless
393: .Dv FTS_NOCHDIR
394: is specified and absolute
395: pathnames were provided as arguments to
396: .Fn fts_open .
397: .It Dv FTS_NOSTAT
398: By default, returned
399: .Fa FTSENT
1.2 mycroft 400: structures reference file characteristic information (the
401: .Fa statp
1.1 cgd 402: field) for each file visited.
403: This option relaxes that requirement as a performance optimization,
404: allowing the
405: .Nm fts
406: functions to set the
407: .Fa fts_info
408: field to
409: .Dv FTS_NSOK
410: and leave the contents of the
1.2 mycroft 411: .Fa statp
1.1 cgd 412: field undefined.
413: .It Dv FTS_PHYSICAL
414: This option causes the
415: .Nm fts
416: routines to return
417: .Fa FTSENT
418: structures for symbolic links themselves instead
419: of the target files they point to.
420: If this option is set,
421: .Fa FTSENT
422: structures for all symbolic links in the
423: hierarchy are returned to the application.
424: Either
425: .Dv FTS_LOGICAL
426: or
427: .Dv FTS_PHYSICAL
428: .Em must
429: be provided to the
430: .Fn fts_open
431: function.
432: .It Dv FTS_SEEDOT
433: By default, unless they are specified as path arguments to
434: .Fn fts_open ,
435: any files named
436: .Ql \&.
1.2 mycroft 437: or
1.1 cgd 438: .Ql ..
1.2 mycroft 439: encountered in the file hierarchy are ignored.
1.1 cgd 440: This option causes the
441: .Nm fts
442: routines to return
443: .Fa FTSENT
444: structures for them.
445: .It Dv FTS_XDEV
446: This option prevents
447: .Nm fts
448: from descending into directories that have a different device number
449: than the file from which the descent began.
450: .El
451: .Pp
452: The argument
453: .Fn compar
454: specifies a user-defined function which may be used to order the traversal
455: of the hierarchy.
456: It
457: takes two pointers to pointers to
458: .Fa FTSENT
459: structures as arguments and
460: should return a negative value, zero, or a positive value to indicate
461: if the file referenced by its first argument comes before, in any order
462: with respect to, or after, the file referenced by its second argument.
463: The
464: .Fa fts_accpath ,
465: .Fa fts_path
466: and
467: .Fa fts_pathlen
468: fields of the
469: .Fa FTSENT
470: structures may
471: .Em never
472: be used in this comparison.
473: If the
474: .Fa fts_info
475: field is set to
476: .Dv FTS_NS
477: or
1.2 mycroft 478: .Dv FTS_NSOK ,
1.1 cgd 479: the
1.2 mycroft 480: .Fa fts_statp
1.1 cgd 481: field may not either.
482: If the
483: .Fn compar
484: argument is
485: .Dv NULL ,
1.2 mycroft 486: the directory traversal order is in the order listed in
487: .Fa path_argv
488: for the root paths, and in the order listed in the directory for
489: everything else.
1.1 cgd 490: .Sh FTS_READ
491: The
492: .Fn fts_read
493: function returns a pointer to an
494: .Fa FTSENT
495: structure describing a file in
496: the hierarchy.
497: Directories (that are readable and do not cause cycles) are visited at
498: least twice, once in pre-order and once in post-order.
499: All other files are visited at least once.
500: (Hard links between directories that do not cause cycles or symbolic
501: links to symbolic links may cause files to be visited more than once,
502: or directories more than twice.)
503: .Pp
504: If all the members of the hierarchy have been returned,
505: .Fn fts_read
506: returns
507: .Dv NULL
508: and sets the external variable
509: .Va errno
510: to 0.
511: If an error unrelated to a file in the hierarchy occurs,
512: .Fn fts_read
513: returns
514: .Dv NULL
515: and sets
516: .Va errno
517: appropriately.
518: If an error related to a returned file occurs, a pointer to an
519: .Fa FTSENT
520: structure is returned, and
521: .Va errno
522: may or may not have been set (see
523: .Fa fts_info ) .
524: .Pp
525: The
526: .Fa FTSENT
527: structures returned by
528: .Fn fts_read
529: may be overwritten after a call to
530: .Fn fts_close
531: on the same file hierarchy stream, or, after a call to
532: .Fn fts_read
533: on the same file hierarchy stream unless they represent a file of type
534: directory, in which case they will not be overwritten until after a call to
535: .Fn fts_read
536: after the
537: .Fa FTSENT
538: structure has been returned by the function
539: .Fn fts_read
540: in post-order.
541: .Sh FTS_CHILDREN
542: The
543: .Fn fts_children
544: function returns a pointer to an
545: .Fa FTSENT
1.2 mycroft 546: structure describing the first entry in a NULL-terminated linked list of
547: the files in the directory represented by the
1.1 cgd 548: .Fa FTSENT
549: structure most recently returned by
550: .Fn fts_read .
551: The list is linked through the
552: .Fa fts_link
553: field of the
554: .Fa FTSENT
1.2 mycroft 555: structure, and is ordered by the user-specified comparison function, if any.
1.1 cgd 556: Repeated calls to
557: .Fn fts_children
558: will recreate this linked list.
559: .Pp
1.2 mycroft 560: As a special case, if
561: .Fn fts_read
562: has not yet been called for a hierarchy,
563: .Fn fts_children
564: will return a pointer to the files in the logical directory specified to
565: .Fn fts_open ,
566: i.e. the arguments specified to
567: .Fn fts_open .
568: Otherwise, if the
1.1 cgd 569: .Fa FTSENT
570: structure most recently returned by
571: .Fn fts_read
572: is not a directory being visited in pre-order,
573: or the directory does not contain any files,
574: .Fn fts_children
575: returns
576: .Dv NULL
577: and sets
578: .Va errno
579: to zero.
580: If an error occurs,
581: .Fn fts_children
582: returns
583: .Dv NULL
584: and sets
585: .Va errno
586: appropriately.
587: .Pp
588: The
589: .Fa FTSENT
590: structures returned by
591: .Fn fts_children
592: may be overwritten after a call to
1.2 mycroft 593: .Fn fts_children ,
1.1 cgd 594: .Fn fts_close
595: or
596: .Fn fts_read
597: on the same file hierarchy stream.
598: .Pp
1.2 mycroft 599: .Em Option
600: may be set to the following value:
601: .Bl -tag -width FTS_NAMEONLY
602: .It Dv FTS_NAMEONLY
603: Only the names of the files are needed.
604: The contents of all the fields in the returned linked list of structures
605: are undefined with the exception of the
606: .Fa fts_name
1.1 cgd 607: and
1.2 mycroft 608: .Fa fts_namelen
609: fields.
610: .El
1.1 cgd 611: .Sh FTS_SET
612: The function
613: .Fn fts_set
614: allows the user application to determine further processing for the
615: file
616: .Fa f
617: of the stream
618: .Fa ftsp .
619: The
620: .Fn fts_set
621: function
622: returns 0 on success, and \-1 if an error occurs.
623: .Em Option
624: must be set to one of the following values:
625: .Bl -tag -width FTS_PHYSICAL
626: .It Dv FTS_AGAIN
627: Re-visit the file; any file type may be re-visited.
628: The next call to
629: .Fn fts_read
630: will return the referenced file.
631: The
632: .Fa fts_stat
633: and
634: .Fa fts_info
635: fields of the structure will be reinitialized at that time,
636: but no other fields will have been changed.
637: This option is meaningful only for the most recently returned
638: file from
639: .Fn fts_read .
640: Normal use is for post-order directory visits, where it causes the
641: directory to be re-visited (in both pre and post-order) as well as all
642: of its descendants.
643: .It Dv FTS_FOLLOW
644: The referenced file must be a symbolic link.
645: If the referenced file is the one most recently returned by
646: .Fn fts_read ,
647: the next call to
648: .Fn fts_read
649: returns the file with the
650: .Fa fts_info
651: and
1.2 mycroft 652: .Fa fts_statp
1.1 cgd 653: fields reinitialized to reflect the target of the symbolic link instead
654: of the symbolic link itself.
655: If the file is one of those most recently returned by
656: .Fn fts_children ,
657: the
658: .Fa fts_info
659: and
1.2 mycroft 660: .Fa fts_statp
1.1 cgd 661: fields of the structure, when returned by
662: .Fn fts_read ,
663: will reflect the target of the symbolic link instead of the symbolic link
664: itself.
665: In either case, if the target of the symbolic link does not exist the
666: fields of the returned structure will be unchanged and the
667: .Fa fts_info
668: field will be set to
669: .Dv FTS_SLNONE .
670: .Pp
671: If the target of the link is a directory, the pre-order return, followed
672: by the return of all of its descendants, followed by a post-order return,
673: is done.
674: .It Dv FTS_SKIP
675: No descendants of this file are visited.
676: The file may be one of those most recently returned by either
677: .Fn fts_children
678: or
679: .Fn fts_read .
680: .El
681: .Sh FTS_CLOSE
682: The
683: .Fn fts_close
684: function closes a file hierarchy stream
685: .Fa ftsp
686: and restores the current directory to the directory from which
687: .Fn fts_open
688: was called to open
689: .Fa ftsp .
690: The
691: .Fn fts_close
692: function
693: returns 0 on success, and \-1 if an error occurs.
694: .Sh ERRORS
695: The function
696: .Fn fts_open
1.2 mycroft 697: may fail and set
698: .Va errno
699: for any of the errors specified for the library functions
1.1 cgd 700: .Xr open 2
701: and
702: .Xr malloc 3 .
703: .Pp
704: The function
705: .Fn fts_close
1.2 mycroft 706: may fail and set
707: .Va errno
708: for any of the errors specified for the library functions
1.1 cgd 709: .Xr chdir 2
710: and
711: .Xr close 2 .
712: .Pp
713: The functions
1.2 mycroft 714: .Fn fts_read
1.1 cgd 715: and
716: .Fn fts_children
1.2 mycroft 717: may fail and set
718: .Va errno
719: for any of the errors specified for the library functions
1.1 cgd 720: .Xr chdir 2 ,
721: .Xr malloc 3 ,
722: .Xr opendir 3 ,
723: .Xr readdir 3
724: and
725: .Xr stat 2 .
1.2 mycroft 726: .Pp
727: In addition,
728: .Fn fts_children ,
729: .Fn fts_open
730: and
731: .Fn fts_set
732: may fail and set
733: .Va errno
734: as follows:
735: .Bl -tag -width Er
736: .It Bq Er EINVAL
737: The options were invalid.
1.8 jtc 738: .El
1.1 cgd 739: .Sh SEE ALSO
740: .Xr find 1 ,
741: .Xr chdir 2 ,
742: .Xr stat 2 ,
743: .Xr qsort 3
1.7 jtc 744: .Sh STANDARDS
745: The
746: .Nm fts
1.9 cgd 747: utility is expected to be included in a future
748: .St -p1003.1-88
749: revision.
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