Annotation of src/external/public-domain/tz/dist/australasia, Revision 1.1.1.11
1.1 apb 1: # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2: # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3:
4: # This file also includes Pacific islands.
5:
6: # Notes are at the end of this file
7:
8: ###############################################################################
9:
10: # Australia
11:
12: # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
13:
14: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15: Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16: Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17: Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18: Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19: Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20: Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21: Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22: # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23: # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24: # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
25:
26: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27: # Northern Territory
28: Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
29: 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
30: 9:30 Aus AC%sT
31: # Western Australia
32: #
33: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34: Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35: Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36: Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37: Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38: Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39: Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40: Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41: Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42: Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43: Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44: 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45: 8:00 AW AW%sT
46: Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
1.1.1.11! kre 47: 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
! 48: 8:45 AW +0845/+0945
1.1 apb 49:
50: # Queensland
51: #
52: # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53: # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54: # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55: # Queensland ceased to.
56: #
57: # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58: # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59: # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60: # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
61: # so use Lindeman.
62: #
1.1.1.6 christos 63: # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
64: # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
65: # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
66: # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
67: # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
68: # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
69: # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
70: #
1.1 apb 71: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
72: Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
73: Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
74: Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
75: Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
76: Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
77: Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
78: Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
79: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
80: 10:00 AQ AE%sT
81: Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
82: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
83: 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
84: 10:00 Holiday AE%sT
85:
86: # South Australia
87: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
88: Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
89: Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
90: Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
91: Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
92: Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
93: Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
94: Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
95: Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
96: Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
97: Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
98: Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
99: Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
100: Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
101: Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
102: Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
103: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
104: Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
105: 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
106: 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
107: 9:30 AS AC%sT
108:
109: # Tasmania
110: #
111: # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
1.1.1.2 apb 112: # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
1.1 apb 113: # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
114: #
115: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
116: Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
117: Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
118: Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
119: Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
120: Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
121: Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
122: Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
123: Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
124: Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
125: Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
126: Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
127: Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
128: Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
129: Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
130: Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
131: Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
132: Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
133: Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
134: Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
135: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
136: Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
1.1.1.2 apb 137: 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
1.1 apb 138: 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
139: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
140: 10:00 AT AE%sT
141: Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
1.1.1.2 apb 142: 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
1.1 apb 143: 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
144: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
145: 10:00 AT AE%sT
146:
147: # Victoria
148: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
149: Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150: Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
151: Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152: Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
153: Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
154: Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
155: Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
156: Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
157: Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
158: Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
159: Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
160: Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
161: Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
162: Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
163: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
164: Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
165: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
166: 10:00 AV AE%sT
167:
168: # New South Wales
169: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
170: Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
171: Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
172: Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
173: Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
174: Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175: Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
176: Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
177: Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
178: Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
179: Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
180: Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
181: Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
182: Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
183: Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
184: Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
185: Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
186: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187: Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
189: 10:00 AN AE%sT
190: Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
191: 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
192: 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
193: 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
194: 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000
195: 9:30 AS AC%sT
196:
197: # Lord Howe Island
198: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
199: Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
200: Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
201: Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
202: Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
203: Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
204: Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
205: Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
206: Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
207: Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
208: Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
209: Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
210: Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
211: Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
212: Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
213: Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
214: 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
1.1.1.11! kre 215: 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
! 216: 10:30 LH +1030/+11
1.1 apb 217:
218: # Australian miscellany
219: #
220: # Ashmore Is, Cartier
221: # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
222: # no times are set
223: #
224: # Coral Sea Is
225: # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
226: # no times are set
227: #
228: # Macquarie
229: # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
230: # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
231: # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
1.1.1.2 apb 232: # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
233: # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
1.1 apb 234: # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
235: #
236: # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
237: # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
238: # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
239: # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
240: # on 4 April.
241: #
242: # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
243: # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
244: # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
245: # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
246: # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
1.1.1.7 kre 247: Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
1.1.1.2 apb 248: 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
1.1 apb 249: 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
1.1.1.2 apb 250: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
1.1.1.7 kre 251: 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25
1.1 apb 252: 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
1.1.1.2 apb 253: 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
1.1.1.11! kre 254: 11:00 - +11
1.1 apb 255:
256: # Christmas
257: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
258: Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
1.1.1.11! kre 259: 7:00 - +07
1.1 apb 260:
261: # Cocos (Keeling) Is
262: # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
263: # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
264: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
265: Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
1.1.1.11! kre 266: 6:30 - +0630
1.1 apb 267:
268:
269: # Fiji
270:
271: # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
272:
273: # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
274: # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
275: # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
276: #
277: # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
278: # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
279: # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
280:
281: # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
282: # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
283: # amendments:
284: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
285:
286: # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
287: # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
288: # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
289: # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
290: # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
291: #
292: # Official source:
293: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
294: #
295: # A bit more background info here:
296: # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
297:
298: # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
299: # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
300: # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
301: # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
302: # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
303: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
304: # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
305:
306: # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
307: # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
308: # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
309: #
310: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
311: # which says
312: # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
313: # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
314: # 2am on February 26 next year.
315:
316: # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
317: # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
318: # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
319: #
320: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
321: # states:
322: #
323: # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
324: # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
325: # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
326: # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
327:
328: # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
329: # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
330: # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
331: # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
332: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
333:
334: # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
335: # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
336: # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
337: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
338:
339: # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
340: # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
341: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
342:
1.1.1.3 apb 343: # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
344: # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
345: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
346:
1.1.1.6 christos 347: # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
348: # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
349: # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
350: # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
351: # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
352: # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
353:
1.1.1.9 kre 354: # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
355: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
356: # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
357: # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
358: # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
359:
360: # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-03):
1.1.1.3 apb 361: # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
1.1.1.6 christos 362: # 03:00 the third Sunday in January. Although ad hoc, it matches
363: # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
1.1.1.3 apb 364: # practice than guessing no DST.
1.1 apb 365:
366: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
367: Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
368: Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
369: Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
370: Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
1.1.1.3 apb 371: Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
1.1 apb 372: Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
373: Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
1.1.1.3 apb 374: Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
375: Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1.1.1.6 christos 376: Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
1.1 apb 377: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 378: Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
1.1.1.11! kre 379: 12:00 Fiji +12/+13
1.1 apb 380:
381: # French Polynesia
382: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 383: Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
1.1.1.11! kre 384: -9:00 - -09
1.1 apb 385: Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
1.1.1.11! kre 386: -9:30 - -0930
1.1.1.2 apb 387: Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
1.1.1.11! kre 388: -10:00 - -10
1.1 apb 389: # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
390: # it is uninhabited.
391:
392: # Guam
393: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
394: Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
1.1.1.2 apb 395: 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
396: 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
1.1 apb 397: 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
1.1.1.5 apb 398: Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
1.1 apb 399:
400: # Kiribati
401: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 402: Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
1.1.1.11! kre 403: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 404: Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 405: -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
! 406: -11:00 - -11 1995
! 407: 13:00 - +13
1.1 apb 408: Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 409: -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
! 410: -10:00 - -10 1995
! 411: 14:00 - +14
1.1 apb 412:
413: # N Mariana Is
1.1.1.5 apb 414: # See Pacific/Guam.
1.1 apb 415:
416: # Marshall Is
417: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
418: Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 419: 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
! 420: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 421: Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 422: 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
! 423: -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20
! 424: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 425:
426: # Micronesia
427: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
428: Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 429: 10:00 - +10
1.1.1.2 apb 430: Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
1.1.1.11! kre 431: 11:00 - +11
1.1 apb 432: Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 433: 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
! 434: 12:00 - +12 1999
! 435: 11:00 - +11
1.1 apb 436:
437: # Nauru
438: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 439: Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
1.1.1.11! kre 440: 11:30 - +1130 1942 Mar 15
! 441: 9:00 - +09 1944 Aug 15
! 442: 11:30 - +1130 1979 May
! 443: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 444:
445: # New Caledonia
446: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
447: Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
448: Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
449: Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
450: # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
451: Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
452: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
453: Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
1.1.1.11! kre 454: 11:00 NC +11/+12
1.1 apb 455:
456:
457: ###############################################################################
458:
459: # New Zealand
460:
461: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
462: Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
463: Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
464: Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
465: Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
466: Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
467: Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
468: Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
469: # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
470: # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
471: # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
472: Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
473: Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
474: Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
475: Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
476: Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
477: Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
478: Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
479: Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
480: Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
481: Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
482: Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
483: Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
484: Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
485: Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
486: Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
487: Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
488: Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
489: Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
490: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
491: Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
492: 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
493: 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
494: Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
1.1.1.11! kre 495: 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
! 496: 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
1.1 apb 497:
498: Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
499:
500: # Auckland Is
501: # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
502: # and scientific personnel have wintered
503:
504: # Campbell I
505: # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
506: # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
507: # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
508: # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
509:
510: # Cook Is
511: # From Shanks & Pottenger:
512: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
513: Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
514: Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
515: Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
516: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 517: Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
1.1.1.11! kre 518: -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
! 519: -10:00 Cook -10/-0930
1.1 apb 520:
521: ###############################################################################
522:
523:
524: # Niue
525: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 526: Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
1.1.1.11! kre 527: -11:20 - -1120 1951
! 528: -11:30 - -1130 1978 Oct 1
! 529: -11:00 - -11
1.1 apb 530:
531: # Norfolk
532: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 533: Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
1.1.1.11! kre 534: 11:12 - +1112 1951
! 535: 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00
! 536: 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00
! 537: 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00
! 538: 11:00 - +11
1.1 apb 539:
540: # Palau (Belau)
541: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 542: Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
1.1.1.11! kre 543: 9:00 - +09
1.1 apb 544:
545: # Papua New Guinea
546: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
547: Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
1.1.1.2 apb 548: 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
1.1.1.11! kre 549: 10:00 - +10
1.1.1.3 apb 550: #
551: # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
552: # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
553: # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
554: #
1.1.1.8 kre 555: # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
1.1.1.3 apb 556: # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
557: # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
558: # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
559: # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
560: # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
561: # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
562: #
1.1.1.8 kre 563: # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
1.1.1.11! kre 564: # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
! 565: # See:
1.1.1.3 apb 566: # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
567: #
568: Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
569: 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
1.1.1.11! kre 570: 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul
! 571: 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
! 572: 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
! 573: 11:00 - +11
1.1 apb 574:
575: # Pitcairn
576: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 577: Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
1.1.1.11! kre 578: -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
! 579: -8:00 - -08
1.1 apb 580:
581: # American Samoa
582: Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
583: -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
1.1.1.2 apb 584: -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
1.1.1.5 apb 585: Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
1.1 apb 586:
587: # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
588:
589: # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
590: # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
591: # the following info:
592: #
593: # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
594: # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
595: # Sunday of April 2011."
596: #
597: # Background info:
598: # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
599: #
600: # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
601: # contain any dates:
602: # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
603:
604: # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
605: # Please see
606: # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
607: # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
608: # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
609: # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
610: # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
611:
612: # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
613: # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
614: #
615: # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
616: # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
617: # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
618: # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
619:
620: # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
621: # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
622: #
623: # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
624:
625: # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
626: # The International Date Line Act 2011
627: # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
1.1.1.8 kre 628: # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
1.1 apb 629: # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
630: # accordingly.
631:
632: # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
633: # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
634: #
635: # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
636: #
637: # DST
638: # Year End Time Start Time
639: # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
640: # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
641: #
642: # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
643: # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
644: # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
645: #
646: # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
647: # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
648: # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
649: # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
650: #
651: # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
652: # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
653: # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
654:
655: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
656: Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
657: Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
658: Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
659: Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
660: Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
661: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
662: Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
663: -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
1.1.1.11! kre 664: -11:30 - -1130 1950
! 665: -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
! 666: 13:00 WS +13/+14
1.1 apb 667:
668: # Solomon Is
669: # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
670: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 671: Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
1.1.1.11! kre 672: 11:00 - +11
1.1 apb 673:
1.1.1.11! kre 674: # Tokelau
1.1 apb 675: #
676: # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
677: # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
678: # December 31 this year ...
679: #
680: # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
681: # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
682: # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
683: # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
684: # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
685: #
686: # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
687: # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
688: # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
689: # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
690: # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
691: # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
692:
693: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
694: Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 695: -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
! 696: 13:00 - +13
1.1 apb 697:
698: # Tonga
699: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
700: Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
701: Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
702: Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
703: Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
1.1.1.10 kre 704: Rule Tonga 2016 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
705: Rule Tonga 2017 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
1.1 apb 706: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
707: Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.10 kre 708: 12:20 - +1220 1941
709: 13:00 - +13 1999
710: 13:00 Tonga +13/+14
1.1 apb 711:
712: # Tuvalu
713: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
714: Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 715: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 716:
717:
718: # US minor outlying islands
719:
720: # Howland, Baker
721: # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
722: # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
723: # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
724: # uninhabited thereafter.
1.1.1.8 kre 725: # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
1.1 apb 726: # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
727: # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
728: # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
729: # until they were abandoned after the war.
730:
731: # Jarvis
732: # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
733: # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
734: # uninhabited thereafter.
735: # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
736:
737: # Johnston
738: #
1.1.1.11! kre 739: # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
1.1 apb 740: # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
741: # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
1.1.1.11! kre 742: # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
! 743: # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
1.1 apb 744: #
745: # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
746: # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
747: # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
748: # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
749: # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
750: #
751: # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
752: # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
753: # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
754: # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
755: # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
756: # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
757: # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
1.1.1.2 apb 758: # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
759: # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
1.1 apb 760: # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
761: # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
762: # Minus One Hour".
763:
764: # Kingman
765: # uninhabited
766:
767: # Midway
1.1.1.5 apb 768: # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
1.1 apb 769:
770: # Palmyra
771: # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
772:
773: # Wake
774: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
775: Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 776: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 777:
778:
779: # Vanuatu
780: # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
781: Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
782: Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
783: Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
784: Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
785: Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
786: Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
787: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1.1.1.2 apb 788: Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
1.1.1.11! kre 789: 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
1.1 apb 790:
791: # Wallis and Futuna
792: # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
793: Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
1.1.1.11! kre 794: 12:00 - +12
1.1 apb 795:
796: ###############################################################################
797:
798: # NOTES
799:
1.1.1.2 apb 800: # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
1.1 apb 801: # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
1.1.1.2 apb 802: # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
803: # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
1.1 apb 804:
1.1.1.11! kre 805: # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
1.1.1.4 apb 806: #
807: # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
1.1 apb 808: # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
809: # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
1.1.1.4 apb 810: # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
1.1 apb 811: #
1.1.1.11! kre 812: # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
! 813: # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
1.1 apb 814: # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
815: # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
1.1.1.4 apb 816: # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
817: # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
1.1 apb 818: #
819: # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
820: # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
821: # I found in the UCLA library.
822: #
823: # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
1.1.1.2 apb 824: # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
825: # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
1.1 apb 826: #
827: # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
828: # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
829: #
1.1.1.11! kre 830: # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
1.1 apb 831: # Corrections are welcome!
832: # std dst
833: # LMT Local Mean Time
834: # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
835: # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
836: # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
1.1.1.11! kre 837: # 10:00 GST Guam through 2000
1.1 apb 838: # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
839: # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
840: # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
841: # -11:00 SST Samoa
842: # -10:00 HST Hawaii
843: #
844: # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
845: # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
846:
847: ###############################################################################
848:
849: # Australia
850:
851: # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
852: # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
853: # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
854: # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
855: # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
856: # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
857: # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
858: # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
859: # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
860: # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
861: # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
862: # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
863:
864: # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
865: # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
1.1.1.2 apb 866: # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
1.1 apb 867: # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
868:
869: # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
870: # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
1.1.1.2 apb 871: # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
1.1 apb 872: # covers New South Wales in particular.
873:
874: # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
875: # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
876: # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
877: # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
878: # abbreviation does _not_ change...
879: # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
880: # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
881: # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
882: # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
883: # time'.
884: # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
885: # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
886: # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
887: # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
888: # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
889: # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
890: # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
891:
892: # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
893: #
894: # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
895: # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
896: # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
897: # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
898: # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
899: # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
900: # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
901: # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
902: # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
903: # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
904: # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
905: # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
906: #
907: # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
908: # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
909: # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
910: # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
911: # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
912: # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
913: # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
914: # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
915: # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
916: # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
917: #
918: # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
919: # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
920: #
921: # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
922: # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
923: # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
924: # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
925: #
926: # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
927: # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
928: #
929: # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
930: # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
931: # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
932: # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
933: # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
934: # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
935: # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
936: #
937: # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
938: # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
939: # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
940: # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
941: # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
942: # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
943: # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
944: # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
945: # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
946: # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
947: # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
948: # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
949: # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
950: # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
951: #
952: # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
953: #
954: # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
955: # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
956: # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
957: # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
958: #
959: # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
960: # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
961: # EST CST WST EDT CDT
962: #
963: # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
964: # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
965: # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
966: #
967: # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
968: # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
969: # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
970: #
971: # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
972: # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
973: # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
974: #
975: # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
976: # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
977: # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
978: # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
979: # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
980: # appear in reports of events with international implications.
981: #
982: # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
983: # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
984: # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
985: # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
986: # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
987: # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
988: # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
989: # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
990: # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
991:
992: # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
993: # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
994: # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
995: # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
996: # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
997: # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
998: # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
999:
1000: # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1001: #
1002: # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1003: # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1004: # relevant entries in this database.
1005: #
1006: # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1007: # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1.1.1.2 apb 1008: # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1.1 apb 1009: # ACT
1010: # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1.1.1.2 apb 1011: # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1.1 apb 1012: # SA
1013: # Standard Time Act, 1898
1.1.1.2 apb 1014: # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1.1 apb 1015:
1016: # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1017: # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1018: # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1019: # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1020: # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1021: #
1022: # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1023: # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1024: # to extend DST together in 2006.
1025: # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1026: # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1027: # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1028: # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1029: # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1030: # allude to it.
1031: # But not Queensland
1032: # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1033:
1034: # Northern Territory
1035:
1036: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1037: # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1038: # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1039: # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1040: # ...
1041: # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1042:
1043: # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1044: # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1045: # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1046:
1047: # Western Australia
1048:
1049: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1050: # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1051: # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1052: # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1053: # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1054: # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1055: # # before reaching parliament.
1056: # ...
1057: # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1058: # ...
1059: # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1060: # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1061: # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1062: # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1063:
1064: # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1065: # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1066: # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1067:
1068: # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1069: # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1070: # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1071: # work at 9.00am.)
1072: # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1073: # everybody again.
1074:
1075: # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1076: # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1077: # it matches what was used in the past.
1078:
1079: # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1.1.1.2 apb 1080: # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1.1 apb 1081: # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1082: # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1083:
1084: # Queensland
1085: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1086: # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1087: # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1088: # ...
1089: # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1090: # ...
1091: # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1092: # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1093: # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1094: # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1095:
1096: # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1097: # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1098: # October 1989).
1099:
1100: # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1101: # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1102: # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1103: # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1104:
1105: # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1106: # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1107: # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1108: # me.)
1109:
1110: # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1111: # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1112: # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1113: # ...
1114: # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1115: # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1116: # ...
1117:
1118: # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1119: # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1120:
1121: # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1122: # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1123: # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1.1.1.2 apb 1124: # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1.1 apb 1125:
1126: # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1127: # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1128: # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1129: # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1130: # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1131: # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1132: # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1133: # Australia and Western Australia....
1134: #
1135: # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1136: # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1137: # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1.1.1.2 apb 1138: # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1.1 apb 1139: #
1140: # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1141: # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1142: # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1143: # coast of the continent.
1144: #
1145: # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1146: # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1147: # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1148: # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1149: # the largest population centre in this zone....
1150: #
1151: # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1152: # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1153: # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1154: # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1155: #
1156: # (2006-12-09):
1157: # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1158: # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1159: # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1160: # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1161:
1162: # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1163: # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1164: # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1165:
1166:
1167: # southeast Australia
1168: #
1169: # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1170: # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1171: # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1172: # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1173:
1174:
1175: # South Australia
1176:
1177: # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1178: # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1179: # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1180: # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1181:
1182: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1183: # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1184: # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1185: # ...
1186: # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1187: # ...
1188: # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1189: # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1190: # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1191: # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1192:
1193: # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1194: # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1195: # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1196: # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1197:
1198: # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1199: # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1200: # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1201: # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1202: # is on...
1203:
1204: # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1205: # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1206: # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1207: # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1208:
1209: # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1210: # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1211: # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1212: # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1213:
1214: # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1215: # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1216: # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1217: # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1218:
1219: # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1220: # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1221:
1222: # Tasmania
1223:
1224: # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1225: # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1226: # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1227: # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1228:
1229: # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1230: # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1231: # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1232: # (but nothing new about that).
1233:
1234: # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1235: # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1236: # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1237: # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1238: # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1239: # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1240:
1241: # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1242: # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1243:
1244: # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1245: # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1246:
1247: # Victoria
1248:
1249: # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1250: # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1251: # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1252: # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1253:
1254: # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1255: # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1256: # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1257: # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1258: # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1259: # in Melbourne, Australia.
1260: #
1261: # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1262: # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1263: # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1264: # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1265: # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1266: # expected time.
1267: #
1268: # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1269: # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1270: # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1271: # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1272: #
1273: # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1274: # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1275:
1276: # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1277: # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1278:
1279: # New South Wales
1280:
1281: # From Arthur David Olson:
1282: # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1283: # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1284: # who notes:
1285: # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1286: # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1287: # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1288: # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1289: # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1290: # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1291:
1292: # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1293: # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1.1.1.2 apb 1294: # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1295: # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1296: # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1.1 apb 1297:
1298: # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1299: # See the following official NSW source:
1300: # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1.1.1.2 apb 1301: # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1.1 apb 1302: #
1303: # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1304: # daylight saving next year. See:
1305: # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1.1.1.2 apb 1306: # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1.1 apb 1307: # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1308: #
1309: # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1310: # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1.1.1.2 apb 1311: # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1.1 apb 1312: #
1313: # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1314: # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1.1.1.2 apb 1315: # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1.1 apb 1316: #
1317: # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1318: # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1.1.1.2 apb 1319: # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1.1 apb 1320: # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1321: # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1322: # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1323: # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1324: # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1325: # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1326: #
1327: # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1328: # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1.1.1.2 apb 1329: # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1.1 apb 1330:
1331: # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1332: # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1333: # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1334:
1335: # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1336: # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1337: # towns to use Queensland time.
1338:
1339: # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1340: # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1341:
1342: # Yancowinna
1343:
1344: # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1345: # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1346:
1347: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1348: # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1349: # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1350: # ...
1351: # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1352: # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1353: # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1354: # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1355: # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1356: # # presently available.
1357: # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1358: # ...
1359: # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1360: # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1361: # [followed by other Rules]
1362:
1363: # Lord Howe Island
1364:
1365: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1366: # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1367: # [ Dec 1990 ]
1368: # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1369: # hour ahead of NSW time.
1370:
1371: # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1372: # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1373: # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1374: # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1375: # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1376: # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1377: # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1378: # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1379: # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1380: # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1381:
1382: # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1383: # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1384: # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1385: # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1386: # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1387: # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1388:
1389: # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1390: # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1391: # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1392:
1393: # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1394: # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1395:
1396: # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1397: # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1398: # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1399: # summer (southern hemisphere).
1400: #
1401: # From
1402: # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1403: # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1404: # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1405: # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1406: # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1407: # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1408: # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1409: # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1410: #
1411: # We have a wrap-up here:
1412: # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1413: ###############################################################################
1414:
1415: # New Zealand
1416:
1417: # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1418: # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1419: # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1420: # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1421: # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1422:
1423: # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1424: # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1425: # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1426: # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1427: # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1428: # ...
1429: # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1430: # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1431: # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1432: # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1433: # ...
1434: # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1435: # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1436:
1437: # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1438: # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1439: # rather than the October 1 value.
1440:
1441: # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1442: # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1443: # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1444: # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1445: # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1446: # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1447: #
1448: # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1449: # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1450: # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1451: # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1452: #
1453: # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1454: # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1455: # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1456:
1457: # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1458: # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1459: # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1460: # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1461: # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1462:
1463: # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1464: # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1.1.1.2 apb 1465: # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1466: # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1.1 apb 1467: # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1468: # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1469: # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1470: # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1471: # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1472: # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1.1.1.8 kre 1473: # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1.1 apb 1474: # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1475:
1476: ###############################################################################
1477:
1478:
1479: # Fiji
1480:
1481: # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1482: # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1483: # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1484:
1485: # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1486: # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1487: # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1488: # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1489:
1490: # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1491: # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1492:
1493: # From the BBC World Service in
1494: # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1495: # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1496: # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1497: # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1498: # of the new millennium.
1499:
1500: # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1501: # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1502:
1503:
1504: # Kiribati
1505:
1506: # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1507: # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1508: # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1509: # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1510:
1511:
1512: # Kwajalein
1513:
1514: # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1515: # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1516: # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1517: # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1518: # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1519:
1520:
1521: # N Mariana Is, Guam
1522:
1523: # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1524: # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1525: # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1526: # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1527: # see Asia/Manila.
1528:
1.1.1.8 kre 1529: # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1.1 apb 1530: # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1531: # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1532: # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1533:
1534:
1535: # Micronesia
1536:
1537: # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1538: # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1539: # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1540: #
1.1.1.8 kre 1541: # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1.1 apb 1542: # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1543:
1544: # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1545: # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1546: # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1.1.1.2 apb 1547: # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1.1.1.8 kre 1548: # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1549: # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1.1 apb 1550:
1551:
1552: # Midway
1553:
1554: # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1555: # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1556: # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1557: # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1558: # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1559: # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1560: # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1561: # air at 6am your time.
1562: #
1563: # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1564: # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1565: # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1566: # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1567:
1.1.1.6 christos 1568: # Norfolk
1569:
1570: # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1571: # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1572: # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1573: # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1574: # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1575:
1576: # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1577: # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1578: # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1579: # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1580: # other than in 1974/5. See:
1581: # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1.1 apb 1582:
1583: # Pitcairn
1584:
1585: # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1586: # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1587: # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1588: #
1589: # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1590: # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1591: # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1592: #
1593: # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1594: # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1595: # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1596:
1597: # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1598: # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1599: # ... at midnight.
1600:
1601: # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1602: # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1603: # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1604: # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1605:
1606:
1607: # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1608:
1609: # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1610: # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1611: # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1612: # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1613: # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1614:
1.1.1.8 kre 1615: # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1616: # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1.1 apb 1617: # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1618: # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1.1.1.8 kre 1619: # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1.1 apb 1620: # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1621: # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1622: # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1623:
1624: # Tonga
1625:
1626: # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1627: # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1628: # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1629: # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1630:
1631: # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1.1.1.2 apb 1632: # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1633: # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1634: #
1.1 apb 1635: # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1636: # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1637: # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1638: # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1639: # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1640: # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1641: #
1642: # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1643: # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1644: # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1645: #
1646: # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1647: # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1648: # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1649: # minutes we have lost?"
1650: #
1651: # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1652: # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1653: # to say your prayers in the morning."
1654:
1655: # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1656: # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1657:
1658: # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1659: # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1660: # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1661: # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1662: # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1663: # Government.
1664:
1665: # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1666: # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1667: #
1668: # I was given this link by John Letts:
1669: # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1670: #
1671: # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1672: # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1673: # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1674: # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1675:
1676: # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1677: # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1678: # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1679: # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1680: # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1681: # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1682: # set back an hour on the closing date."
1683: # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1684:
1685: # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1686: # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1687: # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1688:
1689: # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1690: # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1691: # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1692: # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1693: # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1694: # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1695: # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1696:
1697: # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1698: # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1699:
1700: # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1701: # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1702: # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1703: # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1704: # hour to 1:00am.
1705:
1.1.1.10 kre 1706: # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1.1 apb 1707: # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1708:
1.1.1.10 kre 1709: # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1710: # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1711: # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1712: # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1713: #
1714: # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1715: # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1716: # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1.1 apb 1717:
1718: # Wake
1719:
1720: # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1721: # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1722: #
1723: # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1724: # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1725: # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1726: # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1727: # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1728: # impossible.
1729: #
1730: # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1731:
1732: # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1733: # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1734:
1735: ###############################################################################
1736:
1737: # The International Date Line
1738:
1739: # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1740: #
1741: # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1742: # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1743: # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1744: # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1745: #
1746: # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1747: # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1748: # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1749: # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1750: # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1751: # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1752: # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1753: # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1754: # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1755: # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1756: # correct date is ambiguous.
1757:
1758: # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1759: # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1760: # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1761: # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1762: # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1763: # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1764: # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1765: # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1766: # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1767: # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1768: # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1769: # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1770: # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1771:
1772: # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1773: # (2005-03-20):
1774: #
1775: # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1.1.1.2 apb 1776: # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1.1 apb 1777: # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1778: # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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